Zvichitungamirirwa nechinangwa chepasi rose chekusashandisa kabhoni zvakanyanya, kuyera chiedza kwave chinhu chikuru chekushandura nekusimudzira indasitiri yekugadzira. Nehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hwemuviri nemakemikari, aruminiyamu yabva pakuva "basa rekutsigira" reindasitiri yechinyakare kuenda ku "zvinhu zvine hungwaru" zvekugadzira zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro. Chinyorwa chino chichagadzirisa zvakarongeka kukosha kwezvinhu zvitsva zvearuminiyamu zvishoma kubva pazvikamu zvina: misimboti yehunyanzvi, zvakanakira mashandiro, zvipingamupinyi zvekushandisa, uye nhungamiro dzeramangwana.

1, Chinhu chikuru chezvinhu zvearuminiyamu zvisingaremi

Aruminiyamu isina kurema haisi "chinhu chinodzikisa huremu" chete, asi inhanho huru yekushanda kuburikidza nehurongwa hwetekinoroji hwezvinhu zvitatu muimwe hwekugadzira alloying, micro control, uye process innovation:

Kusimbisa masero: Kuwedzera magnesium, silicon, mhangura nezvimwe zvinhu kuti zvigadzire zvikamu zvekusimbisa zvakaita seMg ₂ Si, Al ₂ Cu, nezvimwewo, kuputsa chiyero chesimba rekudhonza che500MPa (senge6061-T6 aruminiyamu chiwanikwa).

Mutemo weNanostructured: Nekushandisa tekinoroji yekukurumidza kusimba kana mechanical alloying, nano precipitates inounzwa mualuminium matrix kuti iwane kuvandudzwa kwesimba uye kusimba kwekubatana.

Maitiro ekugadzirisa kupisa: Kusanganisa maitiro ekugadzirisa kupisa epurasitiki nemaitiro ekugadzirisa kupisa akadai sekumonerera nekugadzira, saizi yetsanga inonatswa kusvika padanho re micrometer, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya hunhu hwemakanika hwakazara.

Tichitora semuenzaniso weTesla's integrated die-casting aluminum, inoshandisa tekinoroji huru yeGigacasting die-casting kuti isanganise zvikamu zvechinyakare makumi manomwe muchikamu chimwe chete, ichideredza huremu ne20% ukuwo ichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira ne90%, izvo zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekuchinjana kwezvinhu pamwe chete.

2, Mabhenefiti makuru ezvinhu zvearuminiyamu zvisina kureruka

（1） Kushanda zvakanaka kusingatsiviwi

Kuwanda kwesimbi: Kuwanda kwesimbi yearuminiyamu kunongova chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimbi (2.7g/cm³ vs 7.8g/cm³), uye inogona kuderedza huremu neanopfuura 60% kana yakaenzana nehukuru hwayo. Mota yemagetsi yeBMW i3 ine muviri wearuminiyamu, ichideredza huremu hwesimbi ne300kg uye ichiwedzera huwandu hwayo ne15%.

Chiyero chesimba chinoshamisa: Kana tichifunga nezvechiyero chesimba nehuremu, simba chairo (simba/huremu) resimbi ine aruminiyamu ine zvikamu zvitanhatu rinogona kusvika 400MPa/(g/cm³), richipfuura 200MPa/(g/cm³) yesimbi yakajairika ine kabhoni shoma.

(2) Kubudirira kwekushanda kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana

Kuramba ngura: Dense aluminum oxide layer (Al ₂ O3) inoita kuti zvinhu izvi zvirambe zvichidzivirira ngura, uye hupenyu hwemabhiriji munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe hunogona kusvika makore anopfuura makumi mashanu.

Kufambiswa kwemhepo nekupisa: Kufambiswa kwemhepo nekupisa kunosvika 237W/(m · K), inova yakapetwa katatu kupfuura simbi, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muchikamu chekupisa che5G base stations.

Kugona Kudzokorodza: ​​Simba rinoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwearuminiyamu yakadzokorodzwa i5% chete yearuminiyamu yekutanga, uye kuburitswa kwekabhoni kunoderedzwa ne95%, izvo zvinozadzisa zvinodiwa nehupfumi hwedenderedzwa.

（3） Kuenderana kwemaitiro

Kugadzira kuchinjika: Yakakodzera maitiro akasiyana-siyana akadai sekugadzika, kuburitsa, kugadzira, kudhinda kwe3D, nezvimwewo. Tesla Cybertruck inoshandisa muviri wekugadzika wearuminiyamu wakaputirwa nechando, kusimba kwesimbi uye rusununguko rwekutevedzera.

Tekinoroji yekubatanidza vanhu vakuru: Kubatanidza CMT, kusanganisa friction stir uye mamwe matekinoroji akura anoita kuti zvivakwa zvakaomarara zvive zvakavimbika.

3, Bhodhoro rekushandisa rezvinhu zvearuminiyamu zvisingaremi

(1) Matambudziko ehupfumi

Mitengo yezvinhu zvakakwirira: Mitengo yearuminiyamu yakaramba iri pamutengo we3-4 kupfuura wesimbi kwenguva yakareba (mutengo weavhareji wearuminiyamu ingot we $2500/tani vs mutengo wesimbi we $800/tani muna 2023), izvo zvinotadzisa kufarirwa kukuru.

Muganho wekudyara michina: Kuisa michina yesimbi yakasanganiswa kunoda kuiswa kwemichina mikuru kwazvo inorema matani anopfuura 6000, ine mutengo wemuchina mumwe chete unodarika mamiriyoni makumi matatu eyuan, izvo zvakaoma kumabhizinesi madiki nepakati kuti akwanise kutenga.

（2） Miganhu yekushanda

Denga resimbi: Kunyangwe richigona kusvika 600MPa kuburikidza nenzira dzekusimbisa, richiri pasi pane simbi ine simba guru (1500MPa) uye titanium alloy (1000MPa), zvichideredza kushandiswa kwayo mumamiriro ezvinhu ane simba guru.

Kuomarara kwekupisa kwakaderera: Munzvimbo dziri pasi pe -20 ℃, kuomarara kwearuminiyamu kunoderera ne40%, izvo zvinoda kukundwa kuburikidza nekuchinja alloy.

（3） Zvipingamupinyi zvetekinoroji pakugadzirisa

Dambudziko rekudzora kudzoreredzwa kwesimbi: Kureba kwesimbi inodhindwa nearuminiyamu kwakapetwa kaviri kana katatu kupfuura simbi inodhindwa, zvichireva kuti simbi yacho inofanira kudhirowa zvakanaka.

Kuomarara kwekugadzirisa pamusoro: Zvakaoma kudzora kufanana kweukobvu hwefirimu rakazorwa, izvo zvinokanganisa runako uye kuramba ngura.

4, mamiriro ekushanda kweindasitiri uye mikana yekuwana basa

（1） Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzakura

Mota itsva dzemagetsi: NIO ES8 muviri wese wearuminiyamu unoderedza huremu ne30%, nekuomarara kwe44900Nm/deg; Ningde Times CTP bhatiri tray yakagadzirwa nearuminiyamu, iyo inowedzera huwandu hwesimba ne15%.

Muchadenga: 40% yechimiro cheAirbus A380 fuselage chakagadzirwa nealuminium lithium alloy, zvichideredza huremu nematani 1.2; Matangi emafuta eSpaceX starships akagadzirwa nesimbi isingatsvedzeri 301, asi chimiro chemuviri weroketi chichiri kushandisa zvakanyanya 2024-T3 alloy alloy.

Kufamba Nezvitima: N700S bogie yeShinkansen yekuJapan inoshandisa aruminiyamu, ichideredza huremu ne11% uye inowedzera hupenyu hwekuneta ne30%.

（2） Nzira inogona kuteverwa

Tangi rekuchengetera hydrogen: Tangi rekuchengetera hydrogen re5000 series aluminum magnesium alloy rinogona kutsungirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwe70MPa uye rave chinhu chakakosha mumotokari dzemafuta.

Magetsi Emagetsi Evatengi: MacBook Pro ine muviri wealuminium une chidimbu chimwe chete uyo unochengetedza chiyero che90% chechidzitiro kumuviri paukobvu hwe1.2mm.

(3) Nzira yekubudirira mune ramangwana

Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva: Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nearuminiyamu (6061/CFRP) zvine simba guru uye huremu, uye bapiro reBoeing 777X rinoshandisa zvinhu izvi kuderedza huremu ne10%.

Kugadzira zvine hungwaru: Sisitimu yekugadzirisa maparamita inofambiswa neAI inoderedza mwero wezvimedu kubva pa8% kusvika pa1.5%.

5、 Mhedziso: "Kupwanyika" uye "kumira" kwezvinhu zvearuminiyamu zvisina kureruka

Zvinhu zvealuminium zvidiki zviri pakati pekuchinja kwetekinoroji nekushanduka kwemaindasitiri:

Kubva pakutsiva zvinhu kusvika pakuvandudza masisitimu: Kukosha kwayo hakusi mukuderedza huremu chete, asiwo mukusimudzira kugadziridzwa kwakarongeka kwemaitiro ekugadzira (akadai sekukanda zvinhu zvakasanganiswa) uye dhizaini yechigadzirwa (modular design).

Kuenzana kuri pakati pemutengo nekushanda: Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yekudzokorodza (chikamu chearuminiyamu yakadzokorodzwa chinodarika 50%) uye kugadzirwa kukuru (simba rekugadzira refekitori yeTesla super die-casting rinowedzera), shanduko yehupfumi inogona kukurumidza.

Kuchinja kwemaitiro ekugadzira zvinhu zvakasvibira: Kuwanda kwekabhoni yetani yega yega yearuminiyamu muhupenyu hwayo hwese kunoderedzwa ne85% zvichienzaniswa nesimbi, iyo inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchinja kabhoni shoma yeketani yekugovera yepasi rose.

Zvichitungamirirwa nemitemo yakaita sehuwandu hwemotokari itsva dzinoshandisa simba rinodarika 40% uye kushandiswa kwemitero yekabhoni muindasitiri yendege, indasitiri yearuminiyamu yakareruka iri kuchinja kubva pa "tekinoroji yesarudzo" kuenda pa "sarudzo inosungirwa". Iyi shanduko yemaindasitiri yakanangana nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva pakupedzisira ichagadzira patsva miganhu yekunzwisisa kwevanhu "huremu" uye ichaunza nguva itsva yeindasitiri inoshanda uye yakachena.