Iqhutywa yinjongo yehlabathi yokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni, ukukhanyisa kube yeyona nto iphambili ekuguqulweni nasekuphuculweni kweshishini lokuvelisa. Ngeempawu zayo ezizodwa zomzimba nezekhemikhali, i-aluminium isuke "kwindima exhasayo" yeshishini lendabuko ukuya "kwizinto ezicwangcisiweyo" zemveliso ephezulu. Eli nqaku liza kuhlaziya ngokucwangcisiweyo ixabiso elitsha lezinto ze-aluminium ezilula ukusuka kwiinkalo ezine: imigaqo yobugcisa, iingenelo zokusebenza, imiqobo yokusetyenziswa, kunye nezikhokelo zexesha elizayo.

1, Isiseko sobugcisa sezinto ze-aluminiyam ezilula

I-aluminium ekhaphukhaphu ayisiyonto nje "yokunciphisa ubunzima", kodwa yindlela yokusebenza ephunyezwe ngenkqubo yetekhnoloji ye-three in one yoyilo lwe-alloying, ulawulo oluncinci, kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha:

Ukuqinisa i-Element doping: Ukongeza i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-copper kunye nezinye izinto ukwenza izigaba zokuqinisa ezifana ne-Mg ₂ Si, i-Al ₂ Cu, njl.njl., ukuze kwaphulwe umda wamandla okutyhafa we-500MPa (njengeI-aluminium alloy ye-6061-T6).

Ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo: Ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuqinisa ngokukhawuleza okanye i-mechanical alloying, ii-nano precipitates zifakwa kwi-aluminium matrix ukuze kufezekiswe ukuphuculwa okudibeneyo kwamandla kunye nokuqina.

Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu bokuguquka: Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zokuguquguquka kweplastiki kunye nokunyanga ubushushu ezifana nokuqengqeleka kunye nokugquma, ubungakanani bengqolowa bucocwa ukuya kwinqanaba le-micrometer, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu iipropati ezibanzi zoomatshini.

Xa sithatha i-aluminium edityanisiweyo ye-die-casting njengomzekelo, sisebenzisa itekhnoloji enkulu ye-Gigacasting yokudibanisa iinxalenye zemveli ezingama-70 kwinxalenye enye, sinciphisa ubunzima ngama-20% ngelixa siphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngama-90%, nto leyo eqinisekisa ixabiso eliphazamisayo lobuchule bokusebenzisana kweenkqubo zezinto.

2, Iingenelo eziphambili zezinto ze-aluminiyam ezilula

(1) Ukusebenza okulula okungenakuthathelwa indawo

Inzuzo yoxinano: Uxinano lwe-aluminiyam luyinxenye yesithathu kuphela yolo lwentsimbi (2.7g/cm³ vs 7.8g/cm³), kwaye inokufezekisa isiphumo sokunciphisa ubunzima esingaphezulu kwama-60% kwiimeko zokutshintshwa komthamo olinganayo. Imoto yombane ye-BMW i3 inomzimba we-aluminiyam opheleleyo, inciphisa ubunzima be-curb nge-300kg kwaye inyusa ububanzi nge-15%.

Umlinganiselo wamandla ogqwesileyo: Xa kujongwa umlinganiselo wamandla nobunzima, amandla athile (amandla/ubuninzi) e-aluminium alloy ye-6-series anokufikelela kwi-400MPa/(g/cm³), edlula i-200MPa/(g/cm³) yentsimbi eqhelekileyo enekhabhoni ephantsi.

(2) Impumelelo yokusebenza enobukhulu obuninzi

Ukumelana nokugqwala: Umaleko we-aluminium oxide exineneyo (Al ₂ O3) unika le nto ukumelana nokugqwala kwendalo, kwaye ubomi benkonzo yeebhulorho kwiindawo ezikunxweme lolwandle bunokufikelela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-50.

Ukuqhuba ubushushu: I-coefficient yokuqhuba ubushushu ifikelela kwi-237W/(m · K), ephindwe kathathu kunentsimbi, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiqokobhe lokusasaza ubushushu lezikhululo zesiseko ze-5G.

Ukukwazi ukuphinda usebenzise: Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimveliso ye-aluminium ephinde yasetyenziswa yi-5% kuphela yamandla e-aluminium yokuqala, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kuncitshiswa ngama-95%, nto leyo ehlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho olujikelezayo.

(3) Ukuhambelana kwenkqubo

Ukuguquguquka kokwenza: Ifanelekile kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngokunyathela, ukukhupha, ukubumba, ukuprinta kwe-3D, njl. I-Tesla Cybertruck isebenzisa umzimba wokunyathela ipleyiti ye-aluminium eqengqelekayo ebandayo, amandla okulinganisela kunye nenkululeko yokumodela.

Iteknoloji yoqhagamshelo oluvuthiweyo: Ukuwelda kwe-CMT, ukuwelda kwe-friction stir kunye nezinye iiteknoloji ezivuthiweyo ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo.

3, Ingxaki yesicelo sezixhobo ze-aluminium ezilula

(1) Imingeni yezoqoqosho

Iindleko eziphezulu zezinto zokwakha: Amaxabiso e-aluminium agcinwe ephindwe kathathu ukuya kane kunexabiso lentsimbi ixesha elide (ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-aluminium ingot li-$2500/ton xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lentsimbi eli-$800/ton ngo-2023), nto leyo ethintela ukuthandwa kakhulu.

Umlinganiselo wotyalo-mali lwezixhobo: Ukufakelwa kwe-die-casting edibeneyo kufuna ukufakwa koomatshini bokufaka i-die-casting abakhulu kakhulu abanobunzima obungaphezu kweetoni ezingama-6000, kwaye ixabiso lesixhobo esinye lidlula i-30 yezigidi zeeyuan, nto leyo enzima kumashishini amancinci naphakathi ukuyifikelela.

(2) Imida yokusebenza

Uphahla lwamandla: Nangona inokufikelela kwi-600MPa ngeendlela zokuqinisa, isengaphantsi kunentsimbi enamandla aphezulu (1500MPa) kunye ne-titanium alloy (1000MPa), nto leyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezinzima.

Ukungaqini kakuhle kobushushu obuphantsi: Kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kwe-20 ℃, ukuqina kwempembelelo ye-aluminiyam kuncipha nge-40%, nto leyo ekufuneka yoyiswe ngokuguqulwa kwe-alloy.

(3) Imiqobo yezobuchwepheshe ekucutshungulweni

Umngeni wokulawula ukubuyela umva: Ukubuyela umva kwe-aluminium plate stamping kuphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu kune-steel plate, nto leyo efuna uyilo oluchanekileyo lwe-mold recompension.

Ubunzima bonyango lomphezulu: Kunzima ukulawula ukufana kobukhulu befilimu edityanisiweyo, nto leyo echaphazela ubuhle kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.

4, imeko yesicelo soshishino kunye namathuba

（1） Iindawo zokusetyenziswa ezivuthiweyo

Iimoto ezintsha zamandla: I-NIO ES8 yonke i-aluminium body yehlisa ubunzima nge-30%, kunye nokuqina kwe-torsional kwe-44900Nm/deg; Itreyi yebhetri ye-Ningde Times CTP yenziwe nge-aluminium, eyonyusa uxinano lwamandla nge-15%.

I-Aerospace: I-40% yesakhiwo se-Airbus A380 fuselage yenziwe nge-aluminium lithium alloy, nto leyo enciphisa ubunzima ngeetoni ezili-1.2; Iitanki zepetroli zeSpaceX Starships zenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwali engama-301, kodwa isakhiwo somzimba werokhethi sisasebenzisa kakhulu i-aluminium alloy engama-2024-T3.

Uhambo lukaloliwe: I-bogie ye-N700S yeShinkansen yaseJapan isebenzisa izixhobo ze-aluminium, inciphisa ubunzima nge-11% kwaye yandisa ubomi bokudinwa ngama-30%.

(2) Ithrekhi enokubakho

Itanki yokugcina i-hydrogen: Itanki yokugcina i-hydrogen ye-aluminium magnesium alloy ye-5000 series inokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-70MPa kwaye iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezithuthi ze-fuel cell.

Izixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi: I-MacBook Pro inomzimba we-aluminium oneqhekeza elinye ogcina umlinganiselo wesikrini se-90% ukuya kumzimba kubukhulu be-1.2mm.

(3) Isikhokelo sekamva eliya kuphucuka

Uyilo oludibeneyo: Izinto ezidityanisiweyo ze-carbon fiber ezisekwe kwi-aluminium (6061/CFRP) ziphumelela kabini ngamandla nangokukhanya, kwaye iphiko le-Boeing 777X lisebenzisa ezi zinto ukunciphisa ubunzima nge-10%.

Ukwenziwa okukrelekrele: Inkqubo yokwenza ngcono iiparameter ze-die-casting eziqhutywa yi-AI inciphisa izinga le-scrap ukusuka kwi-8% ukuya kwi-1.5%.

5, Isiphelo: "Ukuqhekeka" kunye "nokuma" kwezinto ze-aluminium ezilula

Izixhobo ze-aluminium ezikhaphukhaphu zimi kwindawo apho utshintsho lwetekhnoloji kunye notshintsho lwemizi-mveliso luhlangana khona:

Ukusuka ekutshintsheni izinto ukuya ekuveliseni inkqubo entsha: Ixabiso layo alikho kuphela ekunciphiseni ubunzima, kodwa likwakwikukhuthazeni uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo lweenkqubo zokuvelisa (ezifana nokudibanisa iidayi) kunye noyilo lwemveliso (uyilo lwemodyuli).

Ibhalansi eguquguqukayo phakathi kweendleko kunye nokusebenza: Ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji yokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto (umlinganiselo we-aluminium ephinda isetyenziswe udlula i-50%) kunye nemveliso enkulu (umthamo wemveliso yefektri yeTesla ekhupha izinto ezininzi uyakhula), utshintsho kwezoqoqosho lunokukhawuleza.

Utshintsho kwindlela yokuvelisa izinto eziluhlaza: Umlinganiselo wekhabhoni wetoni nganye ye-aluminiyam kulo lonke ixesha layo lobomi uncitshiswe ngama-85% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi, ehlangabezana neemfuno zotshintsho lwekhabhoni ephantsi kwikhonkco lobonelelo lwehlabathi.

Iqhutywa yimigaqo-nkqubo efana nesantya sokungena kwezithuthi ezintsha zamandla esidlula i-40% kunye nokusetyenziswa kweerhafu zekhabhoni kushishino lweenqwelo-moya, ishishini le-aluminium elikhaphukhaphu liyatshintsha ukusuka "kubuchwepheshe obunganyanzelekanga" ukuya "kukhetho oluyimfuneko". Olu tshintsho lwemizi-mveliso olujolise ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha ekugqibeleni luya kuyila kwakhona imida yokuqonda komntu "ubunzima" kwaye luzise ixesha elitsha loshishino olusebenzayo nolucocekileyo.