Iqhutshwa umgomo womhlaba wonke wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ukukhanyisa kube yisiphakamiso esiyinhloko sokuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza. Ngezici zayo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, i-aluminium isuke “endimeni esekelayo” yemboni yendabuko yaya “ezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu” zokukhiqiza okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlukanisa ngokuhlelekile inani elisha lezinto ze-aluminium ezilula kusukela ezicini ezine: izimiso zobuchwepheshe, izinzuzo zokusebenza, izithiyo zokusetshenziswa, kanye neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo.

1, Ingqikithi yobuchwepheshe yezinto ze-aluminium ezilula

I-aluminium elula akuyona nje "into yokunciphisa isisindo", kodwa igxathu lokusebenza elifinyelelwe ngohlelo lobuchwepheshe lwe-three in one lokuklama i-alloying, ukulawula okuncane, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha:

Ukuqinisa i-doping yezakhi: Ukwengeza i-magnesium, i-silicon, ithusi nezinye izakhi ukwakha izigaba zokuqinisa njenge-Mg ₂ Si, i-Al ₂ Cu, njll., ukuze kwephulwe umkhawulo wamandla okudonswa we-500MPa (njengeI-aluminium alloy engu-6061-T6).

Umthethonqubo we-Nanostructured: Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqina okusheshayo noma i-mechanical alloying, ama-nano precipitates afakwa ku-aluminium matrix ukuze kufezwe ukuthuthuka okuhlangene kwamandla nokuqina.

Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa kokuguqulwa: Ngokuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa njengokugoqa nokwakha, usayizi wokusanhlamvu ulungiswa ube sezingeni le-micrometer, okuthuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo eziphelele zemishini.

Uma sithatha i-aluminium ehlanganisiwe ye-Tesla yokuphonsa insimbi njengesibonelo, isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhulu be-Gigacasting bokuphonsa insimbi ukuze ihlanganise izingxenye zendabuko ezingu-70 zibe yingxenye eyodwa, yehlisa isisindo ngo-20% ngenkathi ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngo-90%, okuqinisekisa inani eliphazamisayo lokusungula izinto ngokubambisana.

2, Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zezinto ze-aluminium ezilula

（1） Ukusebenza kahle okulula okungashintshwa

Inzuzo yobuningi: Ubuningi be-aluminiyamu buyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yobuningi bensimbi (2.7g/cm³ vs 7.8g/cm³), futhi ingafinyelela umphumela wokunciphisa isisindo ongaphezu kuka-60% ezimweni ezilinganayo zokushintsha ivolumu. Imoto kagesi ye-BMW i3 inomzimba we-aluminiyamu ophelele, inciphisa isisindo se-curb ngo-300kg futhi ikhulisa ububanzi ngo-15%.

Isilinganiso samandla esivelele: Uma ucabangela isilinganiso samandla nesisindo, amandla athile (amandla/ubuningi) be-aluminium alloy yochungechunge olu-6 angafinyelela ku-400MPa/(g/cm³), edlula i-200MPa/(g/cm³) yensimbi evamile enekhabhoni ephansi.

(2) Ukuphumelela kokusebenza okunezinhlangothi eziningi

Ukumelana nokugqwala: Ungqimba lwe-aluminium oxide oluqinile (Al ₂ O3) lunikeza izinto ukumelana nokugqwala kwemvelo, futhi impilo yokusebenza yamabhuloho ezindaweni ezisogwini ingafinyelela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50.

Ukushisa: I-coefficient yokushisa ifinyelela ku-237W/(m · K), okuphindwe kathathu kunensimbi, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi egobolondweni lokushabalalisa ukushisa leziteshi zesisekelo ze-5G.

Ukuphindeka Kabusha: Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium ephinde yasetshenziswa kungama-5% kuphela kwalawo e-aluminium eyinhloko, kanti ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuncishiswa ngama-95%, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho ojikelezayo.

（3） Ukuhambisana kwenqubo

Ukuguquguquka kokwakha: Kufanelekela izinqubo ezahlukahlukene njengokunyathela, ukukhipha, ukuhlanganisa, ukuphrinta kwe-3D, njll. I-Tesla Cybertruck isebenzisa umzimba wokunyathela ipuleti le-aluminium eligoqekile elibandayo, amandla okulinganisela kanye nenkululeko yokumodela.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhuma obuvuthiwe: Ukushisela kwe-CMT, ukushisela okushukumisayo kokungqubuzana kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe buqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

3, Inkinga yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-aluminium ezilula

(1) Izinselele zomnotho

Izindleko zezinto zokwakha eziphakeme: Amanani e-aluminium agcinwe ephindwe kathathu-kane kunentengo yensimbi isikhathi eside (intengo ye-aluminium ingot emaphakathi ingu-$2500/ton vs intengo yensimbi engu-$800/ton ngo-2023), okuvimbela ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Umkhawulo wokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini: Ukufakwa kwemishini ehlanganisiwe kudinga ukufakwa kwemishini emikhulu kakhulu yokukhipha imishini enesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-6000, kanti izindleko zemishini eyodwa zidlula ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-30, okunzima ngamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi ukukhokhela.

（2） Imikhawulo yokusebenza

Uphahla lwamandla: Nakuba lungafinyelela ku-600MPa ngezindlela zokuqinisa, lusephansi kunensimbi enamandla amakhulu (1500MPa) kanye ne-titanium alloy (1000MPa), okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimweni ezinzima.

Ukuphuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi: Ezindaweni ezingaphansi kuka-20 ℃, ukuqina komthelela we-aluminium kwehla ngo-40%, okudingeka kunqotshwe ngokuguqulwa kwe-alloy.

（3） Izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ekucutshungulweni

Inselele yokulawula ukubuyela emuva: Ukubuyela emuva kwe-aluminium plate stamping kuphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kune-steel plate, okudinga umklamo wokulungisa isikhunta ngokunemba.

Ubunzima bokwelashwa kobuso: Kunzima ukulawula ukufana kobukhulu befilimu e-anodized, okuthinta ubuhle kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.

4, isimo sesicelo semboni kanye namathemba

（1） Izindawo zokusetshenziswa ezivuthiwe

Izimoto ezintsha zamandla: I-NIO ES8 yonke i-aluminium body yehlisa isisindo ngo-30%, ngokuqina kwe-torsional okungu-44900Nm/deg; Ithreyi yebhethri ye-Ningde Times CTP yenziwe nge-aluminium, okwandisa ukuminyana kwamandla ngo-15%.

Izindiza: U-40% wesakhiwo se-Airbus A380 fuselage senziwe nge-aluminium lithium alloy, okunciphisa isisindo ngamathani ayi-1.2; Amathangi kaphethiloli emikhumbi yezinkanyezi ye-SpaceX enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-301, kodwa isakhiwo somzimba werokhethi sisasebenzisa kakhulu i-aluminium alloy engu-2024-T3.

Ukuhamba Ngesitimela: I-bogie ye-N700S yeShinkansen yaseJapan isebenzisa i-aluminium forgings, yehlisa isisindo ngo-11% futhi yandisa isikhathi sokukhathala ngo-30%.

（2） Ithrekhi engaba khona

Ithangi lokugcina i-hydrogen: Ithangi lokugcina i-hydrogen eliwuchungechunge lwe-aluminium magnesium alloy 5000 lingamelana nomfutho ophezulu we-70MPa futhi seliyisici esibalulekile sezimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli.

I-Consumer Electronics: I-MacBook Pro inomzimba we-aluminium owodwa ogcina isilinganiso sesikrini esingu-90% nomzimba ngobukhulu obungu-1.2mm.

(3) Isiqondiso sesikhathi esizayo sokuthuthuka

Ukusungula izinto ezintsha: Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-aluminium fiber carbon (6061/CFRP) ziphumelela kabili emandleni kanye nasekulula, kanti iphiko le-Boeing 777X lisebenzisa lezi zinto ukunciphisa isisindo ngo-10%.

Ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile: Uhlelo lokwenza ngcono amapharamitha okusakaza nge-AI lunciphisa izinga lokulahla kusuka ku-8% kuya ku-1.5%.

5、 Isiphetho: "Ukuphuka" kanye "nokuma" kwezinto ze-aluminium ezilula

Izinto ze-aluminium ezilula zimi lapho kuhlangana khona inguquko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuguqulwa kwezimboni:

Kusukela ekushintsheni izinto ezibonakalayo kuya ekusungulweni kwesistimu: Inani layo alikho nje ekunciphiseni isisindo, kodwa futhi nasekukhuthazeni ukuhlelwa kabusha okuhlelekile kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza (njengokuphonswa kwedayi okuhlanganisiwe) kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo (umklamo we-modular).

Ibhalansi eguquguqukayo phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza: Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kabusha (ingxenye ye-aluminium ephinde yasetshenziswa idlula u-50%) kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu (amandla okukhiqiza efektri ye-Tesla ekhiqiza kakhulu ayanda), ukuguquka komnotho kungashesha.

Ushintsho olujwayelekile ekukhiqizeni okuluhlaza: Umthelela wekhabhoni wethani ngalinye le-aluminiyamu kulo lonke umjikelezo walo wokuphila uncishiswe ngo-85% uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi, ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ephansi yochungechunge lokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.

Iqhutshwa yizinqubomgomo ezifana nezinga lokungena kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla elidlula u-40% kanye nokusetshenziswa kwentela yekhabhoni embonini yezindiza, imboni ye-aluminium elula ishintsha isuka "kubuchwepheshe obungakhethwa" iye "ekukhetheni okuphoqelekile". Lolu guquko lwezimboni olugxile ekusungulweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekugcineni luzokwakha kabusha imingcele yokuqonda komuntu "ngesisindo" futhi lungenise inkathi entsha yemboni esebenza kahle nehlanzekile.