Motsogozedwa ndi cholinga chapadziko lonse cha kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni, kupepuka kwakhala lingaliro lalikulu pakusintha ndi kukweza kwa mafakitale opanga. Aluminiyamu, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera a thupi ndi mankhwala, yakwera kuchokera ku "ntchito yothandizira" m'mafakitale achikhalidwe kupita ku "ndondomeko" yopangira zinthu zapamwamba. Nkhaniyi isintha mwatsatanetsatane kufunika kwa zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu kuchokera ku miyeso inayi: mfundo zaukadaulo, zabwino zamachitidwe, zolepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi mayendedwe amtsogolo.

I. Pakatikati mwaukadaulo wa zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu

Aluminiyamu yopepuka sikuti ndi "zinthu zochepetsera zolemera", koma kudumpha kwa magwiridwe antchito komwe kumatheka kudzera munjira zitatu zamaukadaulo zamapangidwe a alloying, kuwongolera kwakung'ono, ndi luso lazinthu:

Kulimbitsa doping: Kuwonjezera magnesiamu, silicon, mkuwa ndi zinthu zina kuti apange magawo olimbikitsa monga Mg ₂ Si, Al ₂ Cu, ndi zina zotero, kuti aswe mphamvu yamphamvu ya 500MPa (monga6061-T6 aluminiyamu aloyi).

Nanostructured regulation: Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolimbitsa mwachangu kapena makina alloying, ma nano precipitates amalowetsedwa mu matrix a aluminiyamu kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwamphamvu ndi kulimba.

Njira yopangira kutentha kwa deformation: Kuphatikiza mapindikidwe apulasitiki ndi njira zochizira kutentha monga kugubuduza ndi kufota, kukula kwa tirigu kumayengedwa mpaka pamlingo wa micrometer, kuwongolera kwambiri zida zamakina.

Kutengera chitsanzo cha Tesla chophatikizika choponyera zotayiramo, chimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Gigacasting kuti aphatikizire magawo 70 achikhalidwe kukhala gawo limodzi, kuchepetsa kulemera ndi 20% ndikuwongolera kupanga bwino ndi 90%.

Ⅱ. Ubwino waukulu wa zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu

Irreplaceable opepuka dzuwa

Kachulukidwe kachulukidwe: Kachulukidwe ka aluminiyamu ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chitsulo (2.7g/cm ³ vs 7.8g/cm ³), ndipo imatha kuchepetsa kulemera kopitilira 60% muzofanana zosinthira voliyumu. Galimoto yamagetsi ya BMW i3 imakhala ndi thupi lonse la aluminiyamu, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa 300kg ndikuwonjezeka ndi 15%.

Chiyerekezo champhamvu champhamvu: Poganizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kulemera kwake, mphamvu yeniyeni (mphamvu / kachulukidwe) ya 6-series aluminium alloy imatha kufika 400MPa/(g/cm ³), kuposa 200MPa/(g/cm ³) yachitsulo chochepa kwambiri cha carbon.

Multidimensional performance performance

Kukana kwa dzimbiri: Zosanjikiza za aluminium oxide wosanjikiza (Al ₂ O3) zimapatsa zinthuzo kukana kutukula kwachilengedwe, ndipo moyo wautumiki wa milatho m'mphepete mwa nyanja imatha zaka zopitilira 50.

Thermal conductivity: Thermal conductivity coefficient ikufika ku 237W / (m · K), yomwe ili katatu kuposa chitsulo, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chipolopolo chochotsa kutentha kwa 5G maziko.

Kubwezeretsanso: Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanga aluminiyamu yosinthidwanso ndi 5% yokha ya aluminiyamu yoyamba, ndipo mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umachepetsedwa ndi 95%, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zachuma zozungulira.

Kugwirizana kwa ndondomeko

Kupanga kusinthasintha: Oyenera njira zosiyanasiyana monga kupondaponda, extrusion, forging, 3D printing, etc. Tesla Cybertruck imatenga thupi loponderezedwa lozizira la aluminiyamu, kugwirizanitsa mphamvu ndi ufulu wachitsanzo.

Ukadaulo wolumikizana wokhwima: kuwotcherera kwa CMT, kuwotcherera kwa mikangano ndi ukadaulo wina wokhwima zimatsimikizira kudalirika kwazinthu zovuta.

Ⅲ. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu

Mavuto azachuma

Mitengo yamtengo wapatali: Mitengo ya aluminiyumu yakhala ikusungidwa nthawi 3-4 mtengo wazitsulo kwa nthawi yaitali (pafupifupi mtengo wa aluminium ingot wa $ 2500 / tani vs mtengo wachitsulo wa $ 800 / tani mu 2023), zomwe zimalepheretsa kutchuka kwakukulu.

Zida zopangira ndalama: Kuphatikizika kwakupha kumafunikira kuyika makina akuluakulu oponyera kufa olemera matani 6000, ndi chida chimodzi chomwe chimawononga ma yuan miliyoni 30, zomwe ndizovuta kuti mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati angakwanitse.

Zolepheretsa machitidwe

Denga lamphamvu: Ngakhale limatha kufikira 600MPa kudzera mu njira zolimbitsira, likadali lotsika kuposa chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri (1500MPa) ndi aloyi ya titaniyamu (1000MPa), ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake pazinthu zolemetsa.

Kutentha kochepa kwa brittleness: M'malo ochepera -20 ℃, kulimba kwa aluminiyumu kumachepa ndi 40%, komwe kumafunika kugonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa aloyi.

Zolepheretsa zaukadaulo ku processing

Vuto lowongolera: Kubwerera kumbuyo kwa mbale ya aluminiyamu kupondaponda ndi kuwirikiza 2-3 kuposa mbale yachitsulo, zomwe zimafunikira chipukuta misozi mwatsatanetsatane.

Kuvuta kwa chithandizo chapamwamba: Ndizovuta kuwongolera kufanana kwa makulidwe a filimu ya anodized, yomwe imakhudza kukongola komanso kukana dzimbiri.

Ⅳ. Mkhalidwe wogwiritsira ntchito mafakitale ndi ziyembekezo

Malo ogwiritsira ntchito okhwima

Magalimoto atsopano amphamvu: NIO ES8 thupi lonse la aluminiyamu limachepetsa kulemera kwa 30%, ndi kuuma kwa torsional kwa 44900Nm / deg; thireyi ya batri ya Ningde Times CTP imapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, yomwe imawonjezera mphamvu ndi 15%.

Zamlengalenga: 40% ya mapangidwe a Airbus A380 fuselage amapangidwa ndi aluminium lithiamu alloy, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa matani 1.2; Matanki amafuta a SpaceX starship amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 301, koma mawonekedwe a rocket body akugwiritsabe ntchito kwambiri 2024-T3 aluminiyamu alloy.

Sitima Yapanjanji: Bogi ya N700S ya Shinkansen yaku Japan imatengera zopangira aluminiyamu, kuchepetsa kulemera ndi 11% ndikukulitsa moyo wotopa ndi 30%.

Njira yotheka

Tanki yosungiramo haidrojeni: Tanki yosungiramo 5000 ya aluminiyamu ya magnesium alloy hydrogen imatha kupirira kuthamanga kwambiri kwa 70MPa ndipo yakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamagalimoto amafuta.

Consumer Electronics: MacBook Pro ili ndi thupi limodzi la aluminiyamu lomwe limasunga 90% chophimba ndi chiŵerengero cha thupi pa makulidwe a 1.2mm.

Njira yopambana yamtsogolo

Kupanga kophatikizana: Aluminiyamu yochokera ku carbon fiber composite zakuthupi (6061/CFRP) imakwaniritsa zopambana ziwiri zamphamvu komanso zopepuka, ndipo mapiko a Boeing 777X amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti achepetse kulemera ndi 10%.

Kupanga mwanzeru: Dongosolo la AI loyendetsedwa ndi kufa-casting parameter kukhathamiritsa kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zidutswa kuchokera 8% mpaka 1.5%.

Ⅴ. Kutsiliza: "Kusweka" ndi "kuima" kwa zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu

Zida zopepuka za aluminiyamu zayimilira pamzere wa kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi kusintha kwa mafakitale:

Kuchokera m'malo mwazinthu kupita kuzinthu zatsopano zadongosolo: Phindu lake silimangokhalira kuchepetsa kulemera, komanso kulimbikitsa kukonzanso mwadongosolo kwa njira zopangira (monga kuphatikizika kwa kufa) ndi kamangidwe kazinthu (modular design).

Kuyenda kwamphamvu pakati pa mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito: Ndikupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wobwezeretsanso (gawo la aluminiyamu yobwezeretsanso limaposa 50%) komanso kupanga kwakukulu (kuchuluka kwa fakitale ya Tesla yopangira zida zapamwamba kwambiri), kusintha kwachuma kumatha kukwera.

Kusintha kwa paradigm kwa kupanga zobiriwira: The carbon footprint ya tani iliyonse ya aluminiyamu m'moyo wake wonse imachepetsedwa ndi 85% poyerekeza ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za kusintha kwa mpweya wochepa wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Poyendetsedwa ndi ndondomeko monga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amphamvu atsopano opitirira 40% ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa carbon tariffs mu makampani oyendetsa ndege, makampani opepuka a aluminiyamu akusintha kuchokera ku "teknoloji yosankha" kupita ku "njira yovomerezeka". Kusintha kwa mafakitale kumeneku kokhazikika pakupanga zinthu zatsopano kudzasinthanso malire a kumvetsetsa kwaumunthu kwa "kulemera" ndikubweretsa nyengo yatsopano yamakampani ochita bwino komanso aukhondo.