Ngokuqhutshwa umgomo wembulunga yonke wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ukwenza ukukhanya kube isiphakamiso esiwumgogodla sokuguqula kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza. I-Aluminium, enezici zayo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba namakhemikhali, ikhuphukile "endimeni yokusekela" embonini yendabuko "impahla yamasu" yokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Lesi sihloko sizosusa ngokuhlelekile inani lezinto ezintsha ze-aluminium engasindi ukusuka kubukhulu obune: izimiso zobuchwepheshe, izinzuzo zokusebenza, izingqinamba zohlelo lokusebenza, nezikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo.

I. Umongo wobuchwepheshe wezinto ze-aluminium ezingasindi

I-aluminiyamu engasindi ayikona nje “izinto zokunciphisa isisindo”, kodwa ukusebenza okuzuzwe ngokuthathu ohlelweni olulodwa lobuchwepheshe lokuklama i-alloying, ukulawula okuncane, kanye nokusungulwa kwenqubo:

Ukuqinisa i-doping yezinto: Ukwengeza i-magnesium, i-silicon, ithusi nezinye izakhi ukwenza izigaba zokuqinisa ezifana ne-Mg ₂ Si, i-Al ₂ Cu, njll., ukuphula umkhawulo wamandla oqinile we-500MPa (njenge6061-T6 aluminium ingxubevange).

I-Nanostructured regulation: Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisa okusheshayo noma i-alloying yemishini, i-nano precipitate yethulwa ku-aluminium matrix ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-synergistic kumandla nokuqina.

Inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-Deformation: Ukuhlanganisa i-deformation yepulasitiki kanye nezinqubo zokwelashwa kokushisa ezifana nokugoqa nokufoja, usayizi wokusanhlamvu ucwengwa ufinyelele ezingeni le-micrometer, uthuthukisa kakhulu izici zemishini ezibanzi.

Uma sithatha i-aluminium edidiyelwe ye-die-casting ye-Tesla njengesibonelo, yamukela ubuchwepheshe be-Gigacasting giant die-casting ukuze ihlanganise izingxenye zendabuko ezingama-70 zibe ingxenye eyodwa, inciphise isisindo ngo-20% kuyilapho ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngo-90%, okuqinisekisa inani eliphazamisayo lenqubo yezinto ezibonakalayo emisha yokubambisana.

Ⅱ. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zezinto ezingasindi ze-aluminium

I-Irreplaceable lightweight ukusebenza kahle

Inzuzo yokuminyana: Ukuminyana kwe-aluminium ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yaleyo yensimbi (2.7g/cm ³ vs 7.8g/cm ³), futhi ingafinyelela umphumela wokunciphisa isisindo ongaphezu kuka-60% kuzimo ezilinganayo zokushintsha umthamo. Imoto kagesi i-BMW i3 inomzimba we-aluminium wonke, yehlisa isisindo sonqenqema ngo-300kg bese ikhuphula ibanga ngo-15%.

Isilinganiso samandla esivelele: Uma ucabangela isilinganiso samandla esisindweni, amandla athile (amandla/ukuminyana) we-6-series aluminium alloy angafinyelela ku-400MPa/(g/cm ³), edlula u-200MPa/(g/cm ³) wensimbi evamile enekhabhoni ephansi.

Ukuphumelela kokusebenza kwe-multidimensional

Ukumelana nokugqwala: Ungqimba oluminyene lwe-aluminium oxide (Al ₂ O3) lunikeza impahla ukumelana nokugqwala kwemvelo, futhi impilo yesevisi yamabhuloho ezindaweni ezisogwini ingafinyelela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50.

I-Thermal conductivity: I-coefficient ye-thermal conductivity ifinyelela ku-237W / (m · K), okuphindwe kathathu kunensimbi, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kugobolondo lokukhipha ukushisa kweziteshi eziyisisekelo ze-5G.

Ukusebenziseka Kabusha: Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium egaywe kabusha kungamaphesenti angu-5 kuphela alawo e-aluminium eyinhloko, futhi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuncipha ngo-95%, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho oyindilinga.

Ukuhambisana kwenqubo

Ukuvumelana nezimo: Ifanele izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokugxiviza, i-extrusion, i-forging, ukuphrinta kwe-3D, njll. I-Tesla Cybertruck yamukela umzimba wokunyathela we-aluminium plate egoqekayo, amandla okulinganisa kanye nenkululeko yokumodela.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuvuthiwe: I-CMT welding, i-friction stir welding nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe buqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ⅲ. Ibhodlela lesicelo lezinto ezingasindi ze-aluminium

Izinselelo zomnotho

Izindleko eziphezulu zezinto ezibonakalayo: Izintengo ze-Aluminium zigcinwe izikhathi ezingu-3-4 inani lensimbi isikhathi eside (intengo ye-ingot ye-aluminium eyisilinganiso engu-$2500/ton vs intengo yensimbi engu-$800/ton ngo-2023), evimbela ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Umkhawulo wokutshalwa kwezimali kwezinto zokusebenza: Ukufakwa kwe-die-casting okudidiyelwe kudinga ukufakwa kwemishini emikhulu yokukhipha ukufa enesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-6000, ngesisetshenziswa esisodwa esibiza ngaphezu kwama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-30, okunzima ukuthi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo akwazi ukuyikhokhela.

Ukulinganiselwa kokusebenza

Uphahla lwamandla: Nakuba lungafinyelela ku-600MPa ngezindlela zokuqinisa, lusephansi kunensimbi enamandla amakhulu (1500MPa) kanye ne-titanium alloy (1000MPa), lukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwalo ezimweni ezinzima.

I-brittleness yezinga lokushisa eliphansi: Ezindaweni ezingaphansi kuka -20 ℃, ukuqina komthelela we-aluminium kwehla ngo-40%, okudingeka kunqotshwe ngokuguqulwa kwe-alloy.

Izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ku-processing

Ukuphonselwa inselelo kokulawula okuboshiwe: I-springback yokugxiviza kwepuleti le-aluminium izikhathi ezingu-2-3 kune-steel plate, edinga ukunemba kwedizayini yesinxephezelo sesikhunta.

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokwelapha obungaphezulu: Kunzima ukulawula ukufana kogqinsi lwefilimu ene-anodized, ethinta ubuhle nokumelana nokugqwala.

Ⅳ. Isimo sesicelo semboni kanye namathemba

Izindawo zokufaka izicelo ezivuthiwe

Izimoto ezintsha zamandla: I-NIO ES8 wonke umzimba we-aluminium wehlisa isisindo ngo-30%, ngokuqina kwe-torsional okungu-44900Nm/deg; Ithreyi yebhethri ye-Ningde Times CTP yenziwe nge-aluminium, enyusa ukuminyana kwamandla ngo-15%.

I-Aerospace: I-40% yesakhiwo se-Airbus A380 fuselage yenziwe nge-aluminium lithium alloy, ukunciphisa isisindo ngamathani angu-1.2; Amathangi kaphethiloli ezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi ze-SpaceX enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-301, kodwa isakhiwo somzimba werokhethi sisasebenzisa kakhulu i-aluminium alloy engu-2024-T3.

I-Rail Transit: I-N700S bogie yase-Japan's Shinkansen isebenzisa ama-aluminium forging, ehlisa isisindo ngo-11% futhi yelula impilo yokukhathala ngo-30%.

Ithrekhi engase ibe khona

Ithangi lokugcina i-hydrogen: I-5000 series aluminium magnesium alloy hydrogen storage tank ingamelana nomfutho ophezulu ongu-70MPa futhi isiyingxenye ebalulekile yezimoto zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli.

I-Consumer Electronics: I-MacBook Pro ifaka umzimba we-aluminium onesiqephu esisodwa esigcina isikrini esingu-90% nesilinganiso somzimba esiwugqinsi ongu-1.2mm.

Isiqondiso sempumelelo yesikhathi esizayo

Ukuqamba okusha okuhlanganisiwe: I-aluminium esekelwe ku-carbon fiber composite material (6061/CFRP) ifinyelela impumelelo ekabili emandleni nesisindo esincane, futhi uphiko lwe-Boeing 777X lisebenzisa lesi sici ukunciphisa isisindo ngo-10%.

Ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile: Uhlelo lwepharamitha yokusakaza ye-AI olushayelwa yi-AI lwehlisa izinga lokulahlwa lisuka ku-8% liye ku-1.5%.

Ⅴ. Isiphetho: “Ukuphuka” kanye “nokuma” kwezinto ezingasindi ze-aluminium

Izinto ze-aluminium ezingasindi zimi empambanweni yoguquko lobuchwepheshe noguquko lwezimboni:

Ukusuka ekushintsheni izinto kuya ekwenziweni okusha kwesistimu: Inani lalo alikho kuphela ekwehliseni isisindo, kodwa futhi nasekukhuthazeni ukuhlelwa kabusha okuhlelekile kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza (njengokudidiyelwa kokufa okuhlanganisiwe) kanye nesakhiwo somkhiqizo (idizayini yemojuli).

Ibhalansi eguquguqukayo phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza: Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha (ingxenye ye-aluminium egaywe kabusha idlula ama-50%) kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu (amandla okukhiqiza wefekthri ye-Tesla super die-casting akhuphuka), ukuguquka komnotho kungase kusheshise.

Ukushintsha kwepharadigm kokukhiqizwa okuluhlaza: I-carbon footprint yethani ngalinye le-aluminium kuwo wonke umjikelezo wayo wokuphila wehliswa ngo-85% uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi, ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ephansi zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka emhlabeni wonke.

Iqhutshwa izinqubomgomo ezifana nezinga lokungena kwezimoto ezintsha ezisebenza ngamandla angaphezu kwama-40% kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindleko zekhabhoni embonini yezindiza, imboni ye-aluminium engasindi ishintsha kusukela "kubuchwepheshe obuzikhethela" kuya "kukhetho oluyimpoqo". Le nguquko yezimboni egxile ekusungulweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekugcineni izobumba kabusha imingcele yokuqonda komuntu "isisindo" futhi ingenise inkathi entsha yemboni ephumelelayo nehlanzekile.