Ngomhla we-13 kuMeyi, urhulumente waseIndiya wangenisa ngokusemthethweni isaziso kwiWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), eceba ukumisela imirhumo kwezinye iimpahla zaseMelika ezingeniswe eIndiya ngokuphendula kumaxabiso aphezulu abekwe yiUnited States kwimveliso yentsimbi yaseIndiya kunye ne-aluminium ukusukela ngo-2018. imigaqo-nkqubo yokurhweba kwelinye icala kunye nefuthe labo elinzulu kwishishini lesinyithi esingenawo i-ferrous kumxholo wohlengahlengiso lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngehlabathi.
Iminyaka esixhenxe yokujongana norhwebo
I-trigger yale ngxabano inokulandelwa kwi-2018, xa i-United States ibeka iintlawulo ze-25% kunye ne-10% kwintsimbi yehlabathi kunyeiimveliso ze-aluminium, ngokulandelanayo, ngenxa yezizathu "zokhuseleko lwesizwe". Nangona i-EU kunye nolunye uqoqosho lufumene ukukhululwa ngothetha-thethwano, i-Indiya, njengelizwe lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekuveliseni intsimbi, ayizange ikwazi ukubaleka imida yase-US kwiimveliso zayo zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminiyam ngexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle elimalunga ne-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
I-Indiya isilele ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubhenela kwi-WTO kwaye yabhala uluhlu lweendlela zokuchasana ezingama-28 ngo-2019, kodwa yahlehlisa ukusetyenziswa izihlandlo ezininzi ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kobuchule.
Ngoku, i-Indiya ikhethe ukucela isiVumelwano soKhuseleko phantsi kwesakhelo se-WTO, sijolise kwiimveliso zexabiso eliphezulu ezifana neemveliso zezolimo zaseMelika (ezifana ne-almonds kunye neembotyi) kunye neekhemikhali kwiinzame zokulinganisa ilahleko yoshishino lwesinyithi lwasekhaya ngogwayimbo oluchanekileyo.
'Impembelelo yebhabhathane' yeSitshetshe soShishino lweAluminiyam yentsimbi
Njengodidi oluphambili lweshishini lesinyithi elingenawo i-ferrous, ukuguquguquka kwentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium yorhwebo kuchaphazela imithambo-luvo ebuthathaka yomgangatho ophezulu kunye namatyathanga amashishini asezantsi.
Izithintelo ezibekwe yi-United States kwiimveliso zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminiyam yaseIndiya ziye zachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo malunga ne-30% yamashishini amancinci kunye naphakathi kwe-metallurgical e-Indiya, kwaye amanye amashishini kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba anciphise imveliso okanye avale ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko.
Kwimilinganiselo yangoku yaseIndiya, ukunyanzeliswa kweentlawulo kwiikhemikhali zaseMelika kunokuchaphazela ngakumbi iindleko zokungenisa izinto ezingundoqo ezincedisayo ezifana ne-fluorides kunye nezixhobo ze-anode ezifunekayo ukusetyenzwa kwe-aluminium.

Abangaphakathi kwishishini bahlalutya ukuba ukuba ingxabano phakathi kwala macala mabini iyaqhubeka, iindawo zokusila zentsimbi zasekhaya eIndiya zinokujongana nokuguquguquka kwempahla ekrwada, enokunyusa amaxabiso eemveliso ezinje ngentsimbi yokwakha kunye neepaneli zemoto.
Kwisicwangciso-qhinga "sokuThunyelelwa koBuhlobo" esakhuthazwa ngaphambili yi-United States, i-Indiya ibonwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili ekuthatheni indawo yekhonkco lonikezelo lwe-China, ngakumbi kwiinkalo zentsimbi ekhethekileyo kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba onqabileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ungquzulwano lwamaxabiso lukhokelele iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ukuba ziphinde zihlole ubume bemveliso yazo eIndiya. Umenzi wamalungu eemoto waseYurophu udize ukuba umzi-mveliso wakhe waseIndiya uzimisile izicwangciso zokwandisa kwaye ufuna ukongeza iintambo zokuvelisa amashiti entsimbi kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia.
Umdlalo oMbini weGeoeconomics kunye noMthetho woKwakha ngokutsha
Ngokwembono enkulu, esi siganeko sibonisa umzabalazo phakathi kwenkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe ye-WTO kunye nezenzo ezicalanye zamagunya amakhulu. Nangona iIndiya iqalisile amanyathelo achaseneyo asekwe kwimithetho yorhwebo yamazwe aphesheya, ukunqunyanyiswa kweQumrhu leziBheno le-WTO ukusukela ngo-2019 kushiye amathuba okusombulula ingxabano engaqinisekanga.
I-Ofisi yoMmeli wezoRhwebo e-United States iveze kwingxelo ye-21 ka-Epreli ukuba iUnited States neIndiya zifikelele kwimvumelwano "ngesikhokelo sothethathethwano lorhwebo oluhambelanayo," kodwa imeko enzima yaseIndiya ngeli xesha ijolise ngokucacileyo ekwandiseni iitshiphusi zebargaining kunye nokufuna izibonelelo kwimimandla efana nokukhululwa kwiirhafu zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium okanye irhafu yedijithali.
Kubatyali-mali kushishino lwentsimbi non-ayoni, lo mdlalo ithwala zombini imingcipheko kunye namathuba. Ngexesha elifutshane, ukunyuka kweendleko zokungeniswa kwemveliso yezolimo e-United States kunokukhuthaza ukwanda komthamo wemveliso yezinto ezithatha indawo efana ne-aluminiyam ebhakiweyo ngaphambili kunye nesilicon yoshishino eIndiya; Kwixesha eliphakathi ukuya kwelide, kufuneka silumke malunga nokugqithiswa kwesinyithi kwehlabathi okubangelwa ngumjikelo “wokuchasana neerhafu”.
Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-arhente yokulinganisa yase-India i-CRISIL, ukuba amanyathelo achaseneyo aphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo, ukukhuphisana kwe-iron ye-Indiya yokuthumela ngaphandle kunokunyusa nge-2-3 yeepesenti yeepesenti, kodwa uxinzelelo kwiinkampani zendawo zokulungisa i-aluminium ukuba ziphucule izixhobo zazo nazo ziya kuqina.
Umdlalo weChess ongagqitywanga kunye nombono woShishino
Ngexesha lokushicilela, i-United States kunye ne-India babhengeze ukuba baya kuqalisa uthetha-thethwano ubuso nobuso ekupheleni kukaMeyi, kunye neenyanga ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini eziseleyo kwixesha lokumiswa kwerhafu.
Isiphumo sokugqibela salo mdlalo sinokuthatha iindlela ezintathu: okokuqala, amacala amabini anokufikelela kutshintshiselwano ngemidla kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifanaiisemiconductorskunye nokuthengwa kwempahla nokhuselo, okwenza uvumelwano oluhamba ngezigaba; Okwesibini, ukunyuka kwengxabano kubangele ulamlo lwe-WTO, kodwa ngenxa yeziphene zeziko, yawela kumlo wemfazwe ixesha elide; Okwesithathu kukuba i-Indiya yehlisa amaxabiso kwiindawo ezingezizo ezona zinto ziphambili njengempahla eyobunewunewu kunye neepaneli zelanga ngokutshintshiselana ngeminyinyiva engaphelelanga evela eUnited States.